过程： 1。web服务器,生成一对非对称加密密钥（web公钥，web私钥） 2。web服务器使用 web私钥生成 web服务器的证书请求，并将证书请求发给CA服务器 3。CA服务器使用 CA的私钥 对 web 服务器的证书请求 进行数字签名得到 web服务器的数字证书，并将web服务器的数字证书颁发给web服务器。
1、CA 介绍
CA（Certificate Authority）证书颁发机构主要负责证书的颁发、管理以及归档和吊销。证书内包含了拥有证书者的姓名、地址、电子邮件帐号、公钥、证书有效期、发放证书的CA、CA的数字签名等信息。证书主要有三大功能：加密、签名、身份验证。
2、构建私有 CA
1、检查安装 openssl
[root@https-ca ~] rpm -qa openssl
如果未安装
[root@https-ca ~] yum install openssl openssl-devel -y
2、查看配置文件
openssl 配置/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf有关CA的配置。如果服务器为证书签署者的身份那么就会用到此配置文件，此配置文件对于证书申请者是无作用的。
[root@https-ca ~] vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
[ ca ]
default_ca = CA_default 默认的CA配置；CA_default指向下面配置块
[ CA_default ]
dir = /etc/pki/CA CA的默认工作目录
certs = $dir/certs 认证证书的目录
crl_dir = $dir/crl 证书吊销列表的路径
database = $dir/index.txt 数据库的索引文件
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts 新颁发证书的默认路径
certificate = $dir/cacert.pem 此服务认证证书，如果此服务器为根CA那么这里为自颁发证书
serial = $dir/serial 下一个证书的证书编号
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber 下一个吊销的证书编号
crl = $dir/crl.pem The current CRL
private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem CA的私钥
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand 随机数文件
x509_extensions = usr_cert The extentions to add to the cert
name_opt = ca_default 命名方式，以ca_default定义为准
cert_opt = ca_default 证书参数，以ca_default定义为准
default_days = 365 证书默认有效期
default_crl_days= 30 CRl的有效期
default_md = sha256 加密算法
preserve = no keep passed DN ordering
policy = policy_match policy_match策略生效
For the CA policy
[ policy_match ]
countryName = match 国家；match表示申请者的申请信息必须与此一致
stateOrProvinceName = match 州、省
organizationName = match 组织名、公司名
organizationalUnitName = optional 部门名称；optional表示申请者可以的信息与此可以不一致
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
For the anything policy
At this point in time, you must list all acceptable object
types.
[ policy_anything ] 由于定义了policy_match策略生效，所以此策略暂未生效
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
3、根证书服务器目录
根CA服务器：因为只有 CA 服务器的角色，所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/CA
网站服务器：只是证书申请者的角色，所以用到的目录只有/etc/pki/tls
4、创建所需要的文件
[root@https-ca ~] cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@https-ca CA] ls
certs crl newcerts private
[root@https-ca CA] touch index.txt 创建生成证书索引数据库文件
[root@https-ca CA] ls
certs crl index.txt newcerts private
[root@https-ca CA] echo 01 > serial 指定第一个颁发证书的序列号
[root@https-ca CA] ls
certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial
[root@https-ca CA]
5、创建密钥
在根CA服务器上创建密钥，密钥的位置必须为/etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem，这个是openssl.cnf中中指定的路径，只要与配置文件中指定的匹配即可。
[root@https-ca CA] (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
………..+++
……………+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
6、生成自签名证书
根CA自签名证书，根CA是最顶级的认证机构，没有人能够认证他，所以只能自己认证自己生成自签名证书。
[root@https-ca CA] openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 7300 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem -days 7300
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ., the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CA
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT
Common Name (eg, your name or your servers hostname) []:ca.qf.com
Email Address []:
[root@https-ca CA] ls
cacert.pem certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial
-new: 生成新证书签署请求
-x509: 专用于CA生成自签证书
-key: 生成请求时用到的私钥文件
-days n： 证书的有效期限
-out /PATH/TO/SOMECERTFILE: 证书的保存路径
7、下载安装证书
/etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem就是生成的自签名证书文件，使用 SZ/xftp工具将他导出到窗口机器中。然后双击安装此证书到受信任的根证书颁发机构
[root@https-ca CA] yum install -y lrzsz
[root@https-ca CA] sz cacert.pem
3、客户端CA 证书申请及签名
1、检查安装 openssl
[root@nginx-server ~] rpm -qa openssl
如果未安装，安装 openssl
[root@nginx-server ~] yum install openssl openssl-devel -y
2、客户端生成私钥文件
[root@nginx-server ~] (umask 066; openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
…………………………+++
……….+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@nginx-server ~] cd /etc/pki/tls/private/
[root@nginx-server private] ls
www.qf.com.key
[root@nginx-server private]
3、客户端用私钥加密生成证书请求
[root@nginx-server private] ls ../
cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private
[root@nginx-server private] openssl req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key -days 365 -out /etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ., the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:BEIJING
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BEIJING
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:QF
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OPT
Common Name (eg, your name or your servers hostname) []:www.qf.com
Email Address []:
Please enter the following extra attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@nginx-server private] ls ../
cert.pem certs misc openssl.cnf private www.qf.com.csr
[root@nginx-server private]
CSR(Certificate Signing Request)包含了公钥和名字信息。通常以.csr为后缀，是网站向CA发起认证请求的文件，是中间文件。
在这一命令执行的过程中，系统会要求填写如下信息：
最后把生成的请求文件（/etc/pki/tls/www.qf.com.csr）传输给CA ,这里我使用scp命令，通过ssh协议，将该文件传输到CA下的/etc/pki/CA/private/目录
[root@nginx-server private] cd ../
[root@nginx-server tls] scp www.qf.com.csr 192.168.62.163:/etc/pki/CA/private
root@192.168.62.163s password:
www.qf.com.csr 100% 997 331.9KB/s 00:00
4、CA 签署证书（在ca服务器上面操作）
使用/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf，修改organizationName=supplied
修改 /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
[root@https-ca ~] vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
policy = policy_match
82
83 For the CA policy
84 [ policy_match ]
85 countryName = match
86 stateOrProvinceName = match
87 organizationName = supplied
88 organizationalUnitName = optional
89 commonName = supplied
90 emailAddress = optional
CA 签署证书
[root@https-ca ~] openssl ca -in /etc/pki/CA/private/www.qf.com.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Validity
Not Before: Jul 3 10:12:23 2019 GMT
Not After : Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = BEIJING
organizationName = QF
organizationalUnitName = OPT
commonName = www.qf.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
E3:AC:1A:55:2B:28:B9:80:DC:9C:C2:13:70:53:27:AD:3D:44:8F:D3
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:5D:2A:81:B2:E7:8D:D8:88:E5:7B:94:CA:75:65:9C:82:2B:A9:B2:3C
Certificate is to be certified until Jul 2 10:12:23 2020 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
证书通常以.crt为后缀，表示证书文件
2、查看生成的证书的信息
[root@https-ca ~] openssl x509 -in /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt -noout -subject
subject= /C=CN/ST=BEIJING/O=QF/OU=OPT/CN=www.qf.com
3、将生成的证书发放给请求客户端(web服务端)
[root@https-ca ~] cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/
[root@https-ca certs] scp www.qf.com.ctr 192.168.62.162:/etc/pki/CA/certs/
root@192.168.62.162s password:
www.qf.com.ctr 100% 4422 998.3KB/s 00:00
测试:
nginx-server(充当服务端)：
[root@nginx-server ~] cd /etc/pki/CA/certs/
[root@nginx-server certs] ls
www.qf.com.crt
[root@nginx-server certs] find / -name *.key
/etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key
/usr/share/doc/openssh-7.4p1/PROTOCOL.key
还是在这台机器安装nginx并且配置证书:
root@nginx-server conf.d] pwd
/etc/nginx/conf.d
[root@nginx-server conf.d] vim nginx.conf
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
ssl_certificate /etc/pki/CA/certs/www.qf.com.crt; 指定证书路径
ssl_certificate_key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.qf.com.key; 指定私钥路径
ssl_session_timeout 5m; 配置用于SSL会话的缓存
ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; 指定使用的协议
ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; //密码指定为OpenSSL支持的格式
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; 设置协商加密算法时，优先使用服务端的加密，而不是客户端浏览器的。
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
保存重启
[root@nginx-server conf.d] nginx -t
[root@nginx-server conf.d] nginx -s reload
浏览器测试访问:
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